2019—2023年唐山市大气PM<sub>2.5</sub>中多环芳烃特征及健康风险评价-现代医学

2019—2023年唐山市大气PM_2.5中多环芳烃特征及健康风险评价

单位：唐山市疾病预防控制中心环境卫生监测与评价所, 河北唐山 063000

分类号：R122

出版年·卷·期（页码）：2026·54·第一期（16-25）

摘要：

目的：分析唐山市大气PM_2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平、季节分布与来源特征，并评估其对人群的潜在健康风险。方法：于2019—2023年在唐山市两个代表性区域连续采集PM_2.5样品866份，采用高效液相色谱法测定16种PAHs的质量浓度。综合运用特征比值法与主成分分析法解析污染来源，并评估其经吸入途径的致癌与慢性非致癌风险。结果：2019—2023年唐山市PAHs总浓度呈显著下降趋势(P<0.001)，年均浓度依次为12.64、4.51、2.24、3.09、2.14 ng·m^-3。同时，PAHs总浓度具有显著的季节性特征，呈现冬季高、夏季低的“U”型分布规律(P<0.05)。16种PAHs质量浓度在不同地区比较，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，且其组分构成基本一致。PAHs组成以4~6环为主，其中冬季6环组分所占比例显著升高。主成分分析提取出1个主成分，能解释总方差的82.80%，该主成分主要是菲(Phe)、荧蒽(Flu)、芘(Pyr)、(Chr)、苯并[a]蒽(BaA)、苯并[b]荧蒽(BbF)、苯并[a]芘(BaP)、二苯并[a,h]蒽(DahA)、苯并[ghi]苝(BghiP)及茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘(IcdP)。在慢性非致癌风险评估中，BaP危害商(HQ)在2019、2020年均大于1，冬季风险尤为突出(HQ =2.049)。在致癌风险评估中，BaP和BghiP 5年年均浓度对2~16岁及>16岁的人群超额致癌风险和终生致癌风险均高于1×10^-6，且风险同样呈现冬季高，夏季低的季节特征。从年龄分层来看，致癌风险表现为成年人最高，其次为青少年，儿童最低。结论：2019—2023年唐山市PM_2.5中的PAHs浓度呈现逐年下降的趋势，但其冬季健康风险仍不可忽视，污染来源以化石燃料燃烧、燃煤及机动车排放为主。建议相关部门重点加强冬季工业与移动源管控，并针对成年人及户外作业人群实施健康防护干预。

Objective: To analyze the pollution levels, seasonal distribution and source characteristics of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in atmospheric PM_2.5 of Tangshan City, and to assess their potential health risks to the population. Methods: A total of 866 PM_2.5 samples were continuously collected from two representative areas in Tangshan City during 2019—2023. The mass concentrations of 16 PAHs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Diagnostic ratio analysis and principal component analysis were comprehensively applied to identify the pollution sources, and the inhalation-based carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were evaluated. Results: The total PAHs concentration in Tangshan City showed a significant downward trend from 2019 to 2023(P<0.001), with the annual average concentrations being 12.64, 4.51, 2.24, 3.09, and 2.14 ng·m^-3 in sequence. Meanwhile, the total PAHs concentration exhibited obvious seasonal characteristics, presenting a “U-shaped” distribution pattern with higher levels in winter and lower levels in summer(P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in the mass concentrations of 16 PAHs between different areas(P>0.05), and their component compositions were basically consistent. PAHs were dominated by 4-to 6-ring congeners, among which the proportion of 6-ring components increased significantly in winter. PCA extracted one principal component that explained 82.80% of the total variance; this component mainly consisted of phenanthrene(Phe), fluoranthene(Flu), pyrene(Pyr), chrysene(Chr), benzo[a]anthracene(BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene(BbF), benzo[a]pyrene(BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene(DahA), benzo[ghi]perylene(BghiP) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene(IcdP). In the non-carcinogenic risk assessment, the hazard quotient(HQ) of BaP was greater than 1 in both 2019 and 2020, with the risk being particularly prominent in winter(HQ=2.049). In the carcinogenic risk assessment, the 5-year average concentrations of BaP and BghiP resulted in excess carcinogenic risk and lifetime carcinogenic risk higher than 1×10^-6 for populations aged 2-16 years and over 16 years, and the risks also showed seasonal characteristics of higher levels in winter and lower levels in summer. In terms of age stratification, the carcinogenic risk was the highest in adults, followed by adolescents and then children. Conclusion: The PAHs concentration in PM_2.5 of Tangshan City decreased year by year from 2019 to 2023, but the health risks in winter cannot be ignored. The pollution sources are mainly fossil fuel combustion, coal burning and motor vehicle emissions. It is suggested that the relevant authorities should focus on strengthening the control of industrial and mobile sources in winter, and implement health protection interventions for adults and outdoor workers.

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