目的:分析极低、超低出生体重儿发生视网膜病变的影响因素，为临床决策提供依据。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年12月在海南省妇女儿童医学中心新生儿科住院治疗的108例极低、超低出生体重患儿及其母亲的临床资料。根据是否发生早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)分为ROP组和非ROP组，采用单因素分析及多因素Logistic回归分析ROP的影响因素。结果:共有24例发生ROP，发生率为22.2%。和非ROP组比较，ROP组出生体重低、胎龄小、呼吸机使用时间长、气管插管时间长、吸氧时间长、输红细胞次数多、母亲产前应用激素(地塞米松)比例低和支气管肺发育不良比例高。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，出生体重(OR=0.995 95%CI 0.991~0.995,P=0.026)、产前应用激素(地塞米松)促肺成熟(OR=0.221,95%CI 0.055~0.885,P=0.033)和吸氧时间(OR=1.086,95%CI 1.008~1.170,P=0.029)为视网膜病变的影响因素。结论:出生体重大、产前应用激素(地塞米松)促肺成熟为极低和超低出生体重儿发生ROP的保护因素，而吸氧时间长为危险因素。

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