目的： 分析宫颈病变子宫切除术后再发阴道残端病变的临床特征。方法： 选取2017年1月至2021年6月我院收治的既往因宫颈高度上皮内瘤变（CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ）或早期宫颈癌分别行全子宫切除术和宫颈癌根治术后再发阴道残端病变患者，根据再发病变类型分为阴道残端高度上皮内瘤变（VaIN）组和阴道残端癌组，收集两组患者临床资料并分析。结果： VaIN组15例，平均年龄（55.00±9.75）岁，阴道残端癌组12例，平均年龄（58.75±8.08）岁，两组比较年龄、初次诊断差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。阴道残端癌组复发时间显著长于VaIN组（P=0.009）。两组各有3例患者未行人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）检测，行HPV检测的21例患者中，HPV阳性率为100%，18例已知HPV分型的患者中HPV16/18阳性率为77.77%。18例患者（VaIN组13例，阴道残端癌组5例）行液基薄层细胞学检查（TCT），检测阳性率为100%。和VaIN组比较，阴道残端癌组患者出现临床症状和阳性体征的比例均升高。VaIN组15例患者均行手术治疗，阴道残端癌组4例行单纯手术治疗、3例行手术加辅助放化疗治疗及5例行放化疗治疗。所有患者中除4例失访，其余患者均生存，2例VaIN组患者出现VaIN复发，1例阴道残端癌组患者出现阴道壁VaIN。结论： 高危型HPV感染是导致阴道残端VaIN及阴道残端癌的重要原因。子宫切除术后患者定期行阴道残端病变筛查有助于阴道残端VaIN的早期诊断，并可有效预防阴道残端癌的发生。而规范全面的初次手术治疗也有助于避免漏诊早期阴道VaIN，预防阴道残端VaIN及阴道残端癌的发生。对于阴道残端VaIN及阴道残端癌患者手术治疗安全可行。

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